When a consumer suffers damages CAUSED by an INDUSTRIAL product, the mere ascertainment that the PHYSICAL harm was a direct result of the product will suffice to show the deficiency of the product and to rule on the gross negligence of the producer. Thus the producers’ PRODUCTS which contributed to the occurrence of the crime and also the conduct of the distributors who deceived the consumer to use the goods are attributed to the suppliers without there being a need to prove the fault and as a prima facie evidence. They will bear responsibility arising from the rebuttable assumption of the fault for the damages CAUSED by the supplied PRODUCTS. If they could prove that the losses had arisen from the act of the consumer or of a third party or from a force majeure, they would be released from criminal responsibility. Otherwise the mere fact of causing damage will entail blood money due to the victim and if the fault of the supplier could be shown, he would be additionally convicted to imprisonment under Article 616 of the Iranian Penal Code.

This experiment was designed to survey the nutritive value and estimate protected-protein level of Protanomix as a new protein source and compare it with soybean meal. Protanomix is a brown powder by separating the precipitate produced from the reaction of tannin with corn-steep liquor. Crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) in this protein source is nearly similar to soybean meal, and more than 80% of its protein content is insoluble. In this study, potential of in vitro gas production in Protanomix was significantly (P˂0.001) lower than the control treatment (soybean meal); however, substitution of soybean meal at different levels of Protanomix in experimental diets did not lead to significant changes in gas production parameters (P˃0.05). Comparing Protanomix with soybean meal (control) showed that in vitro truly degraded dry matter (IVTDDM), estimated metabilizable energy (ME) and pH were similar (P˃0.05). However, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), apparently in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMAD) and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) were significantly higher in soybean meal (P˂0.01) than Protanomix, while partitioning factor (PF), microbial protein synthesis (MPS) and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) were greater in Protanomix than soybean meal (P˂0.05). Nonetheless, when soybean meal was substituted with different levels of Protanomix in the experimental diets, only concentration of ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) was significantly decreased (P˂0.001).

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of in-service training methods for teachers. The statistical population of this study includes 60 primary school teachers of Persian Gulf Martyrs Elementary School and Satayesh High School in Tehran's 18th district, which were randomly classified into three groups of 20 people. The research method was based on data collection using both library and field methods. In the field method, two methods of post-test and pre-test have been used for three types of in-service training methods, including lecture method, virtual training method and direct work method with job-related software. The collected data were analyzed by calculating the analysis of covariance and F and comparing it with critical F using MS, df. The findings of this study showed that there is a significant difference between the three teaching methods mentioned.Keywords: in-service training, training effectiveness, teachers1- Associate Professor and Faculty Member of Allameh Tabataba'i University2- * Responsible author of Payame Noor Karaj Master of Education and Human Resources student haemum3357@gmail.com3- Master of Public Administration, Vice Chancellor of Allameh Tabataba'i University

Purpose: Intensive military training courses are among the programs and specialties of the police force. Musculoskeletal disorders in the military are one of the vital factors that keep people away from courses and shorten their service life. This research aims to measure the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in newly arrived students in the pre-service training course of the police force using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) questionnaire. Methods: For this purpose, 124 soldiers with a mean age of 20. 7 years, a mean height of 178. 5 cm, a mean weight of 72. 9 kg, and a mean activity per week for 3 hours and 19 minutes in one of the training barracks affiliated to the Tehran Police Force and were selected and completed the OSTRC questionnaire every month for 6 months. The research design of this study is epidemiology and the results are presented descriptively. Results: The results of the research related to prevalence measurement on a monthly mean showed that ankles at 2. 8%, knees at 2. 2%, and waist at 1. 8% respectively have the highest prevalence rates among soldiers. Also, among the harmful factors, the parade had the largest share with 22. 5% and during 6 months, the second month had the highest number of injuries, and the sixth month had the lowest number of injuries. In terms of participation in exercises, 86. 6% of soldiers participated in practical classes without any PHYSICAL injuries during the six months. A total of 9. 1% of the soldiers could not perform optimally and properly despite their full attendance in the practical classes due to PHYSICAL injuries and finally, 3. 8% of the participants, despite attending the practical classes, had to leave the class halfway due to the severity of the injury. Conclusion: What is clear is that the most affected areas are the central area and the lower limbs, and the spine of the back, head, neck, and upper limbs were not among the most damaged areas. Finally, it seems that the prevalence rate among the soldiers in training courses is acceptable and close to the average of global statistics. However, it is required to take preventive measures as well as plan to add classes and specialized exercises to strengthen PHYSICAL fitness and specialized exercises related to improving the conditions of damaged areas.

Background and Aim: Advances in genetic engineering and modern biotechnology, through which a new state is produced or modified by making changes in a living organism, however, the unfamiliarity of biotechnological aspects and effects can cause damages to the environment, while the claim for such damages necessitates filing a lawsuit by the aggrieved party in the competent authority against the person who is responsible or liable, and also proving the damage and verifying the causal relationship between the damage and the harmful act. Nevertheless, the special characteristics of environmental damages and PRODUCTS of biotechnology, such as very late appearance, have CAUSED the principles and methods of dealing with such cases completely different from the majority of cases. Indeed, it has created certain problems and challenges in practice. So that, despite the existence of general laws such as the Civil Liability Law and the Civil Procedure Law, as well as the establishment of special ones such as the Biosafety Law, there are still legal gaps and ambiguities in the field. The purpose of current study is to investigate and resolve these ambiguities Method: The issue was investigated in a descriptive and analytical way using a library resource. Ethical Considerations: During the research process, important principles such as trustworthiness and ethics have been preserved ocation and will be subject to its rules and effects. For the case of legislative equivocation, a solution can be sought in light of the principle of proportionality. Results: The necessity of Establishment an organization as a legal representative of society members to file a related claim,apply the theory of pure responsibility to determine the liable person and compensate the mentioned damages and requirement of special courts for filing of such lawsuits. Conclusion: After examining the functions of biotechnology and its risks in different fields, it was concluded that they can sometimes produce several environmental problems as well. As a result, challenges such as finding out the plaintiff, the defendant and the liable person, or determining the government as the defendant or the obligor and also naming the competent authority and issuing a temporary order were identified. Finally, we came to this conclusion that due to the spread of losses among many victims and the impossibility of filing a lawsuit by each one of them, it would be better to establish an organization as a legal representative of society members for determining the plaintiff. So that in certain laws, such as the Environmental Protection and Improvement Law approved in 1974, the necessity of the issue was sporadically foreseen, and due to the complexity of such damages, it is better to apply the theory of pure responsibility to determine the liable person and compensate the mentioned damages. In addition, in cases where it is not possible to compensate the damage by the person causing the damage (such as failure to identify the liable person) for any reason, the government, as the protector of public interests, will be obliged to compensate the damage. Therefore, the filing of such lawsuits, considering their importance and complexity, requires special courts.

Nonmissile low-velocity penetrating brain injuries are unusual among civilian population. Work related penetrating head wounds are rarer among this group.Here, we report two rare cases of penetrating head wounds CAUSED by INDUSTRIAL grinder tool. The patients (both men) were struck to the head by detached blades of the grinder tool. Depressed fractures, penetrated bone fragments, and dural lacerations were all treated by the routine fashion. Paranasal sinus damage and further cerebrospinal fluid leakage were also treated conservatively. The reported cases are unexpected variants of injuries that neurosurgeons may come across and their management is still beyond the scope of textbooks. Skill and experience of the general neurosurgeons can handle the cases properly but prevention of such incidents using safer and guarded instruments should be stressed to manufacturers. 

Background: The global spread of the COVID-19 virus has not only posed a severe threat to public health but has also triggered a profound economic crisis affecting numerous industries. Addressing and mitigating the economic repercussions of the pandemic is imperative to prevent further damage. While prior research has explored the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on various industries, there has been a notable gap in understanding the specific factors that influence how INDUSTRIAL crises stemming from viral outbreaks are managed. Methods: This article undertakes a comprehensive investigation into these influential factors. Through in-depth interviews with industry experts, we identified a set of 30 pivotal variables in this context, forming the basis of an initial model. Subsequently, a questionnaire was administered to a cohort of one hundred managers and industry experts to assess these variables. Employing exploratory factor analysis, we categorized the 30 variables into six distinct categories: producer-related factors, supplier-related factors, distributor-related factors, retailer-related factors, consumer-related factors, and government-related factors. Results: Our findings revealed several strategic considerations for effectively addressing INDUSTRIAL crises in the face of viral outbreaks. These include the importance of building trust with customers in emerging markets, streamlining the adoption of digital technologies by customers, enhancing the customer relationship management process, prioritizing awareness, concern, and environmental consciousness, and providing support to consumers during times of viral spread. Conclusion: To effectively navigate INDUSTRIAL crises triggered by the widespread dissemination of viruses like COVID-19, businesses and governments should prioritize strategies that align with the identified factors. By focusing on these key areas, industries can bolster their resilience and minimize the adverse effects of such crises, ultimately contributing to economic stability and recovery in the face of global health emergencies.

The objective of this study was to determine the growth potential of Ghezel male lambs that fed with four levels of pasta INDUSTRIAL by-PRODUCTS containing: 0, 5, 10 and 15 percentages in diets. Diets were formulated isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Twenty Ghezel male lambs with around 7-8 months old and 36.8l±3.17 kg initial average weights were used for a fattening period of 90 days. This experiment conducted in randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with four treatments and 5 replications in each treatment. Feed and water were provided ad-libitum for all of the lambs during the experiment. Individual feed consumption and body weight of lambs were measured at two weeks intervals. Significant differences were not found between treatments in total dry matter intake (p>0.05). Significant differences were found on the rate of daily weight gain and feed conversion between treatments (p<0.01).The highest daily weight gain along with the best feed conversion rate were found in group3 animals with 10 percentage pasta INDUSTRIAL by-PRODUCTS, although The differences between group 3 and group 4 animals were not significant. In conclusion it seems that, pasta INDUSTRIAL by-PRODUCTS could be used as an energy source up to 15 percentages of the male Ghezel lamb diets without any adverse effects on performance.